The rapid diffusion of AI globally and the pace at which AI is developing put us at a societal crossroads. The choices we’re making now will determine who has access to AI and the opportunity it affords. There is perhaps no more important tool than our education systems for addressing the uneven diffusion of AI we’re seeing currently: national adoption runs above 70% in countries such as the United Arab Emirates and falls to low single digits across much of sub-Saharan Africa, close to a tenfold difference. 

The way we teach AI and learn with it will have long-lasting impacts on jobs, the workforce, and our broader economy. Learning Curves: Rethinking Education from Classrooms to Careers in an AI-Driven World is a collection of research-driven essays that can help guide those choices. This book brings together the body of work from the second cohort of Senior Fellows from the Microsoft AI Economy Institute (AIEI), a flagship think tank that produces research and convenes experts to generate insights into how AI is reshaping work, education, and the broader economy. 

In Learning Curves, researchers consider how AI is reshaping the earliest stages of learning and work, from K–12 classrooms and community and technical colleges to college‑to‑work transitions and entry‑level jobs, and what it will take for that transformation to widen opportunity rather than deepen divides across institutions, communities, and countries.  

Below, I share a few of my own reflections that informed my contributions to Learning Curves, a collaborative effort that wouldn’t have been possible without the truly talented, diverse cohort of researchers who contributed to this book.  

The good, the bad, and the ugly: Laying the foundation for AI in K–12 classrooms

Before delving into the specifics of how to incorporate AI in classrooms, we need to ask ourselves whether we’re teaching for knowledge, or for learning.  

The book, the calculator, the personal computer, the internet, the search engine, and the smartphone all arrived in classrooms carrying real promise alongside the worry that they would hollow out young minds. Usually the truth landed somewhere in between, and where it landed depended less on the tool than on the choices the adults made about how to use it. 

The fact is that the AI-native generation is already here, and its members are in classrooms around the world. More than half of US teenagers already use AI chatbots for schoolwork. I’ve personally seen the promise of AI as a force for good in education up close in my own classroom, where I teach a computer science class to elementary school students.  

But of course, the good is only part of the story. We can’t shy away from the downsides of incorporating AI into classrooms. While AI can help with accessibility and individualized learning, it can also create over–reliance, contribute to student cheating, or prevent students from recognizing when information may be false. 

The rapid deployment of AI in K–12 classrooms needs to come with a sober assessment of how that technology impacts all students. This assessment must go beyond the technology itself to encompass how students, teachers, parents, and society use AI.   

AI literacy is only part of the solution

If classrooms are where students learn how to think, teachers are the conduit through which this learning happens. In Learning Curves, Joseph Orero, Senior Researcher in AI at Strathmore University’s School of Computing and Engineering Science, posits that teachers aren’t resistant to AI in classrooms; they just need proper training to help them adequately adapt and teach their students critical skills. His research contribution explores game-based learning with AI-enabled African languages. 

AI usage and adoption worldwide are also dependent on accessibility. Another chapter of the book looks at barriers and opportunities in Arabic education and finds that the primary barrier teachers encountered when introducing AI writing assistants into classrooms was Arabic digital literacy, particularly students’ typing ability.  

Researchers often circled around a similar theme: there is no one-size-fits-all approach to developing AI competency; instead, such an approach must be sensitive to local knowledge and contextualized teaching and learning practices. This means that teachers, in turn, must have training that makes sense for the unique contexts in which their students are learning.  

Frank Nagle, now Microsoft’s Chief AI Economist, Sarah Rodriguez, Associate Professor of Engineering Education at Virginia Tech, and other researchers in Learning Curves make the case that, in many ways, nontraditional pathways such as apprenticeships and two-year-degree programs, particularly those that are virtual, are more nimble and thus better able to adapt their curricula to the rapidly changing field of AI.  

AI Is taught in the classroom, but then what?

Education has never been about simply preparing people for the future of work so they can thrive in the labor market. When considered holistically, it is about teaching students not what to think but how to think. In our AI era, education is one of the core institutions through which the future of work will be built, distributed, and made more (or less) equitable. Successful AI integration remains human-centered by focusing on organizational change, durable human skills like empathy and judgment, strong employer partnerships, and learner needs. 

As research from Laura Nuriski, Head of Program on the Future of Work at the Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), highlights, access to AI alone does not ensure successful integration. Technology transfer, data infrastructure, organizational readiness, and a human-centered approach to building and deploying AI are also key indicators of success.  

Whether we’re talking about the classroom or the boardroom, it’s worth keeping in mind that AI tends to do the most good when it strengthens human capability and the most harm when it substitutes for it. That holds as true in a fourth- grade reading lesson as in a software team or a hospital ward. 

The children in our schools deserve tools that serve their learning rather than stand in for it, and that is within our power to provide. Our most successful future with AI will be one that is human-centered, inclusive, and designed to help people thrive. 

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Ahead of Mobile World Congress, where global leaders, governments, and industry convene at the world’s largest connectivity event, Microsoft is marking a major milestone in our efforts to expand digital access worldwide. In 2022, we made a bold commitment to expand internet access to 250 million people by the end of 2025. Today, we are proud to share that we have met and exceeded that goal, extending connectivity coverage to over 299 million people worldwide, including more than 124 million across Africa.

This milestone represents more than a number. It reflects more than a decade of sustained collaboration with governments, nonprofits, local connectivity providers, and development partners around the world. Together, we have worked to reach communities where access has historically been limited, building pathways to education, healthcare, economic opportunity, and digital participation.

Reaching this milestone is also a moment of reflection and renewal. Building on years of progress, Microsoft is evolving its approach to digital access to focus not only on coverage, but on adoption, enablement, and long-term participation in the AI economy.

As part of this next chapter, we are announcing a new collaboration with Starlink. This collaboration expands the set of tools available to help deliver digital access in rural, agricultural, and hard-to-reach communities. Combined with local delivery partners and community institutions, it strengthens the foundation for AI-ready communities around the world.

Why digital access matters in the AI era

Despite continued progress, 2.2 billion people globally remain offline, and many more face barriers related to affordability, reliability, or access to relevant digital services. These gaps already limit opportunity and risk widening as AI becomes more central to how economies grow and societies function.

At Mobile World Congress 2024, Microsoft Vice Chair and President Brad Smith shared our AI Access Principles, underscoring that electricity and connectivity are essential foundations for an inclusive AI economy. Since then, the pace of change has only accelerated. In fact, Microsoft’s 2025 AI Diffusion Report shows that AI is being adopted faster than any general-purpose technology in history, yet adoption remains uneven. As the data illustrates, adoption in the Global North is accelerating faster than in the Global South. Differences in infrastructure, access to tools, and digital readiness all contribute to a growing divide between higher-income and lower-income economies.

This graphic from the 2025 AI Diffusion Report reinforces a clear insight: access to AI alone is not enough. For communities to participate meaningfully in the digital and AI era, connectivity must be paired with reliable energy, affordable devices, digital skills, and technologies designed for real-world use. Where these conditions exist, adoption follows. In Zambia, for example, country-wide generative AI adoption is 12 percent, but among those with internet access, it rises to 34 percent.

Deepening Microsoft’s approach to digital access

Building on what we have learned, Microsoft is advancing a more holistic digital access model that recognizes connectivity as only one part of a broader system. In practice, this means collaboration to deliver not only internet access but also more reliable energy infrastructure, access to water where relevant, devices, digital skills, and cloud and AI tools, all designed and deployed for the communities they serve. By working across organizations and governments to address these foundational needs in parallel, this approach helps ensure that digital access is usable, durable, and capable of supporting real-world outcomes.

A central focus of this work is community-based access models that are financially sustainable, scalable, and aligned with national development priorities. These models bring together local institutions such as schools, health facilities, cooperatives, and community hubs and are implemented in partnership with governments, businesses, nonprofits, and development finance organizations. By integrating infrastructure, enablement, and financing from the outset, these holistic programs can help unlock long-term investment, support responsible growth, and enable communities to fully participate in the digital and AI economy.

Digital access directly complements Microsoft’s Community First AI Infrastructure approach by providing the foundation that enables AI to be adopted, used, and trusted by communities everywhere.

Partnering to deliver impact at scale

Progress at this scale is only possible through strong partnerships rooted in local delivery, community trust, and long-term sustainability. Microsoft’s work to extend connectivity to more than 299 million people has been built alongside partners who understand the realities of last-mile deployment and digital adoption.

In Africa, Microsoft works with partners such as Cassava Technologies to expand regional digital infrastructure and drive high-quality internet access across South Africa, Malawi, Kenya, and Zambia. Collaborations with local providers like Tizeti deliver affordable, reliable connectivity through solar-powered Wi-Fi networks across Nigeria and Ghana.

In Latin America, Microsoft’s partnership with Anditel focuses on expanding internet and energy access for rural and agrarian communities in Colombia through locally led models aligned with national priorities. In India, Microsoft works with AirJaldi to pair affordable connectivity with digital skills training and practical pathways for use, helping communities move beyond basic access toward meaningful adoption.

These partnerships made reaching the 250 million milestone possible. They also reflect a principle that continues to guide our work. Lasting digital access is built with communities, not for them.

Expanding the portfolio: Collaboration with Starlink

Building on this foundation, Microsoft continues to expand and diversify its portfolio to reach communities where traditional infrastructure alone cannot meet demand.

Through our collaboration with Starlink, Microsoft is combining low-Earth orbit satellite connectivity with community-based deployment models and local ecosystem partnerships. This is intended to expand the set of tools available to deliver digital access while remaining firmly embedded in a holistic, partnership-driven approach.

Kenya offers an early example of this model in practice. Working with Starlink and local internet service provider Mawingu Networks, Microsoft is supporting connectivity for 450 community hubs across rural and underserved regions, including farmer cooperatives, aggregation centers, and digital hubs. These deployments combine satellite connectivity with digital skills, tools, and ecosystem coordination to support agricultural productivity, access to markets, and adoption of digital and AI-enabled services.

Beyond 250 million: Building AI-ready communities

Surpassing the 250 million connectivity milestone is a moment to celebrate. It is also a starting point for what comes next.

The next chapter of Microsoft’s digital access work is planned to focus on ensuring that access translates into adoption, use, and long-term opportunity. By continuing to partner with governments, development finance institutions, nonprofits, and private-sector partners, and by expanding into energy access, financing mechanisms, and community-first AI solutions, Microsoft is working to ensure that everyone, everywhere, can participate in the digital and AI economy.

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