The 2026 World Cup presents major cyber risks from ransomware groups, state-aligned actors, and other groups targeting critical infrastructure. Learn more here.
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Unit 42 explores trends in data theft and extortion, outlining key strategies for organizations as frontier AI models advance.
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When a major cyber incident hits, the first decisions aren’t technical—they’re human. Who takes the lead? How quickly can information be shared? When should governments step in, and how do you protect public trust while keeping essential services running?
These questions are at the heart of Microsoft’s Advancing Regional Cybersecurity (ARC) initiative, launched in 2025 to help governments strengthen cyber preparedness through practical, public-private collaboration. Today, we’re sharing the first tangible output of that work: the ARC Kenya Exercise Report & Toolkit, developed through a tabletop exercise held in Nairobi in December 2025.
Developed with Kenya’s National Computer and Cybercrime Coordination Committee (NC4) and RiskSight, the toolkit is a practical planning resource designed to help government and cross-sector leaders prepare for cyber crises before they occur. It is grounded in real conversations among leaders from government, regulators, critical infrastructure operators, law enforcement, academia, and the private sector working through what a serious cyber incident would demand of them, together.
The ambition of the “Silicon Savannah” makes Kenya a compelling setting for this work. Its digital economy is expanding rapidly—from mobile‑first financial services to cloud‑enabled public infrastructure—positioning the country as a regional technology leader. But rapid digital growth also brings increased exposure to more sophisticated cyber threats. As systems become more interconnected, a serious cyber incident can quickly disrupt essential services, undermine public trust, and threaten economic stability.
Kenya’s approach recognizes this reality and reflects a critical principle: cybersecurity is not separate from innovation; it is one of the conditions that allows digital transformation to scale safely. The ARC initiative embodies this philosophy and helps decision makers confront the practical realities of coordination, escalation, and response in this complex environment.
This is exactly what the ARC Kenya tabletop exercise was designed to do. The objective was not to test tools but to stress‑test decision making under pressure. Participants were challenged with complex scenarios—including AI‑enabled breaches, ransomware attacks, and infrastructure‑level disruptions. The focus was not on technical fixes but on leadership clarity, cross‑agency coordination, and real‑time decision making in high‑pressure environments.
The outcome was both a roadmap for the unknown and a clear recognition of the need for shared expectations before a crisis begins—particularly around leadership and authority, trusted information sharing channels, and agreed response frameworks. These gaps, identified by participants themselves, now form the backbone of the ARC Kenya Toolkit.
The toolkit translates the lessons of the exercise into concrete actions that leaders can take now—before the next incident occurs. It also serves as a practical and specific 12‑month roadmap for strengthening Kenya’s cyber preparedness, moving from lessons identified to durable, institutional capability. Specifically, the toolkit provides recommendations to:
Taken together, these elements enable leaders not only to respond more effectively to cyber incidents, but to institutionalize preparedness, coordination, and resilience across the national cyber ecosystem. For African countries more broadly, the model also offers a practical pathway to strengthen regional cyber cooperation—by aligning expectations around escalation, information sharing, and public‑private coordination before a cross‑border incident occurs. By translating high‑level principles into practical, repeatable approaches to crisis readiness, the toolkit underscores the value of trusted international partnerships and alignment with global norms for responsible state behavior in cyberspace.
Many countries across the Global South are grappling with similar challenges: fragmented ownership of critical infrastructure, uneven cyber capacity across sectors, and the need to coordinate rapidly under pressure. While firmly grounded in Kenya’s national context, the lessons from ARC Kenya are therefore intentionally designed to resonate far beyond its borders and to be highly transferable.
Importantly, this work does not end in Kenya. We are already building on these lessons through ARC engagements in other regions, including a new workstream in Mexico, applying the same approach to strengthen preparedness, coordination, and resilience across different national contexts.
By design, the ARC initiative is not simply a record of a single exercise. It is a foundation others can build on—at a national or regional level—offering leaders a practical starting point to turn shared responsibility into sustained capability.
For more than a decade, the Microsoft Digital Crimes Unit (DCU) has persistently disrupted cybercrime and nation-state threats targeting people, organizations, and critical infrastructure. Explore major disruptions—and the ongoing cases and operations behind them here: Disrupting cyberthreats since 2008 | Microsoft
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If you use the internet, you’ve likely been affected by cybercrime in some way. Even when an attack is aimed at a company, the fallout usually lands on ordinary people.
The most obvious harm is stolen data. When attackers break into a business, it is usually customer information that ends up in criminal hands, and that can lead to identity theft, tax fraud, credit card fraud, and a long tail of scam attempts that can continue for months or years. For consumers, the breach itself is often just the start of the cleanup.
That work is annoying, time-consuming, and sometimes expensive. People may have to freeze credit, replace cards, change passwords, be on the lookout for suspicious transactions, and dispute charges. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) specifically advises consumers to use IdentityTheft.gov after a breach and recommends steps like credit freezes and fraud alerts to reduce the chance of further abuse.
When sensitive data is exposed, the harm is not only financial. Medical, insurance, and other deeply personal records can be used to create more convincing phishing or extortion attempts, and the stress of knowing that private information is circulating among criminals can linger long after the technical incident is over. In other words, breach victims are not just cleaning up a data problem, they are dealing with a loss of trust.
Cybercrime also hits consumers through service disruption. Ransomware and intrusion campaigns can interrupt payment systems, telecom services, shipping, energy distribution, booking platforms, and other infrastructure people rely on every day. In those cases, the consumer impact is immediate: you may not be able to pay, travel, call, buy, or even work normally. The CSIS timeline and Canada’s cyberthreat assessment both show that these disruptions are increasingly tied to high-value targets and can be part of broader state or criminal campaigns.
Not all these incidents are driven by cybercriminals. Recently, Britain’s cybersecurity chief warned that the UK is handling 4 nationally significant cyberincidents every week, with the majority now traced back to foreign governments rather than cybercriminal groups.
Another cost is easy to overlook: disinformation and confusion. When attackers steal data, disrupt services, or impersonate trusted brands, they can also flood the public with fake support messages, scam calls, refund schemes, and phishing emails pretending to be the breached company. The breach becomes a launchpad for more fraud, and consumers are left trying to separate legitimate notifications from those sent by attackers.
Then there is the security backlash. After a breach, companies usually tighten access rules, add more multi-factor authentication prompts, force reauthentication, shorten sessions, and increase fraud checks. Those measures are often necessary, but they also make ordinary digital life more cumbersome. The consumer ends up paying with time and frustration for security problems they did not create.
That is why company-targeted cybercrime is not really only a business problem. It is a consumer issue, a public-trust issue, and sometimes even a national security issue. A single breach can leak data, trigger fraud, interrupt essential services, amplify scams, and make using the internet more frustrating for everyone else. The real cost is rarely confined to the company that got hit.
Knowing this, it’s worth thinking carefully about which companies to trust with your data and how much you’re willing to share . You cannot stop every attack against every company you deal with, but you can limit the fallout by being more selective. Some considerations:
Your name, address, and phone number are probably already for sale.
Data brokers collect and sell your personal details to anyone willing to pay. Malwarebytes Personal Data Remover finds them and gets your information removed, then keeps watch so it stays that way.
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Russia's current isolation from the Olympics may lead to increased cyberthreats targeting the 2026 Winter Games. We discuss the potential threat picture.
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01flip is a new ransomware family fully written in Rust. Activity linked to 01flip points to alleged dark web data leaks.
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Two campaigns delivering Gh0st RAT to Chinese speakers show a deep understanding of the target population's virtual environment and online behavior.
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In traditional cybersecurity, the emphasis is often on technical defenses against attacks. However, understanding the psychological aspects of phishing is equally important to understand the exploitation of human vulnerability.
Phishing attacks are becoming more sophisticated than ever in 2025, leveraging cutting-edge technology to deceive individuals and organizations. Here are the new and most prevalent trends to consider when defending against the number one cyber attack vector.
Prior botnet takedowns like Emotet and TrickBot have shown that sophisticated malware operations, like Qakbot, can often rebuild infrastructure and return from disruptions in new forms
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A global law enforcement operation has successfully disrupted the infrastructure of the Qakbot botnet, striking a major—though likely temporary—blow to a dominant player in the cybercriminal underground supply chain.
Qakbot, familiarly Qbot, has been a major cyber threat since 2007, infecting victims’ computers to steal financial information and distribute additional malware payloads like ransomware. As a result of the takedown, more than 700,000 infected devices worldwide were identified and cleaned of the malware. The DOJ also announced the seizure of $8.6M in cryptocurrency in illicit profits.
While there is no doubt that the Qakbot takedown is a major win in the fight against cybercrime, it may only provide short-term relief in the fight against a notoriously resilient cybercriminal ecosystem.
A Swiss Army knife of cybercrime tools, Qakbot was a complex malware that opened remote access to victims’ systems, stole credentials and financial information, and downloaded additional malware payloads. Its modular architecture enabled frequent updates to add new capabilities over its 15+ years of operation.
“The collaborative endeavors of these authoritative bodies exemplify the power of a comprehensive, multi-agency approach, designed to maximize its impact..”
Ian Gray, VP Of Intelligence
Qakbot has been a versatile workhorse for cybercriminals. Its banking trojan functionality has been used to pilfer payment information and intercept financial transactions. As a loader, it distributed ransomware such as ProLock to extort victims.
Qakbot has also powered large-scale spam email campaigns and brute force attacks. Its worm-like spreading kept it entrenched in infected networks. By providing the backdoor access and distribution channel for other malware, Qakbot played a key supporting role in the cybercrime ecosystem. Botnets like Emotet and TrickBot operated similarly, loading additional threats onto compromised systems. These jack-of-all-trades botnets have proven lucrative for their criminal operators.
Prior botnet takedowns like Emotet and TrickBot have shown that sophisticated malware operations can often rebuild infrastructure and return from disruptions in new forms.
In the case of Emotet, the botnet came back online in 2022 using new techniques after its infrastructure was dismantled in 2021. TrickBot also persisted despite takedown attempts and remains an active threat. This resiliency highlights the challenges law enforcement faces in permanently eliminating cyber threats.
While takedowns temporarily degrade capabilities, dedicated cybercriminal groups adapt to avoid further disruption. New malware families also inevitably emerge to fill the gaps left by larger takedowns. For example, BazarLoader and ZLoader rose to prominence as loader malware after the Emotet takedown.
Yet despite their disruptions, resilient botnets often return and new ones emerge. After prior actions against Emotet and TrickBot, the lingering demand in underground markets brought them back in adapted new forms. Bots remain attractive tools for cybercriminals thanks to their versatility, automation, and money generating potential.
While Qakbot’s infrastructure was disrupted, its operators may attempt to rebuild or evolve their techniques. Sustained pressure on botnet financial flows, developer communities, and other aspects of the cybercrime supply chain is needed to deter future attacks. For now, the coordinated Qakbot takedown bought time and degraded the capabilities of a dominant cybercrime player.
The Qakbot takedown was effectively coordinated among global governments, including France, Germany, Latvia, Romania, the Netherlands, the UK, and the US, as well as the private sector. The collaborative endeavors of these authoritative bodies exemplify the power of a comprehensive, multi-agency approach, designed to maximize its impact.
Law enforcement and the private sector should to continue coordinating takedowns while also focusing on detecting new malware variants early, disrupting communication channels, and following the money trails of criminal enterprises.
Cyber hygiene and threat awareness across organizations must also improve to reduce vulnerability to malware infections, including loaders and trojans that distribute threats like Qakbot. Technical controls like endpoint detection, network monitoring, and patching are also key.
Ultimately, defeating cybercrime requires comprehensive strategy across law enforcement operations, cybersecurity practices, and international collaboration. The Qakbot takedown represents meaningful progress, but the world must remain vigilant against an adaptable threat landscape.
Flashpoint Ignite enables organizations to proactively identify and mitigate cyber and physical risk that could imperil people, places, and assets. To unlock the power of great threat intelligence, get started with a free Flashpoint trial.
Criminals increasingly steal checks and sell them on illicit online marketplaces, where check fraud-related services are common. Intelligence is helping the financial sector fight back
Table Of ContentsChecks are one of the most vulnerable legacy payment methods. Check fraud can actively affect the bottom lines (and reputations) of banks, financial services organizations, government entities, and many other organizations that utilize checks. According to the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN), fraud—including check fraud—is “the largest source of illicit proceeds in the US” as well as “one of the most significant money laundering threats to the United States.”
Criminals target the US mail system to steal a variety of checks. In fact, there is a nationwide surge in check fraud schemes targeting the US mail and shipping system, as threat actors continue to steal, alter, and sell checks through illicit means and channels.
This includes personal checks and tax refund checks to government or government assistance-related checks (Social Security payments, e.g.). Business checks are also a primary target because they are often written for larger amounts and may take longer for the victim to identify fraudulent activity.
In 2022 alone, US banks filed 680,000 check fraud-related suspicious activity reports (SARs). This represents a nearly two-fold increase from 2021 (which itself represents a 23 percent YoY increase from 2020). This surge in check fraud has been exacerbated by Covid-19 Economic Impact Payments (EIPs) under the CARES Act, which presented threat actors with a new avenue to attempt to commit fraud.
In order to mitigate and ultimately prevent check-fraud-related risks, it’s crucial for financial intelligence and fraud teams to understand what threat actors seek, how they work, and where they operate.
This begins, as we detail below, with intelligence into the communities, forums, and marketplaces where check fraud occurs as well as the tools that enable deep understandings, timely insights, and measurable action.
Below is an intelligence narrative, in three acts, that tells the story of how transactions involving some of the above examples could play out.
Threat actors are known to remove mail from individuals’ mailboxes and parcel lockers using blue box “arrow” master keys. These arrow keys are often stolen from USPS employees, which has led to numerous incidents of harassment, threats, and even violence. Generally, arrow keys are sold within illicit community chats and/or the deep and dark web, often fetching upwards of $3,000 per key.
In general, when it comes to check fraud, threat actors may sell or seek:
Check alteration comes in two forms: “washing” and “cooking.”
Washing refers to the process of altering a check by chemically removing ink and replacing the newly empty spaces with a different value, recipient name, or another fraud-enabling alteration.
Cooking involves digitally scanning the check and altering text or values through digital means.
Threat actors will deposit the fraudulent check and rapidly withdraw the funds from an ATM, or sell a stolen or altered check on an illicit marketplace or chat group, and then receive payment, often via cryptocurrency.
Financial institutions should rely on four essential intelligence-led technologies, tools, or capabilities to effectively combat check fraud.
To prevent check fraud, organizations should focus on a few key places. Financially motivated threat actors operate and share information on messaging apps like Telegram and other open-source channels, as well as illicit marketplaces on the deep and dark web. Therefore, it is imperative for financial intelligence and fraud teams to have access to the most relevant check fraud-related threats across the internet.
Keep in mind, however, that accessing these communities is not always straightforward and, if done frivolously, can compromise an investigation.
Intelligence is often only as good as it is relevant. Flashpoint enables security and intelligence practitioners to bubble the most important, mission-critical intelligence through our real-time alerting capability, which allows users to receive notifications for keywords and phrases that relate to their mission, such as check fraud-related lingo and activity.
In addition to real-time alerts, analysts can rely on curated alerting and saved searches to track topics of long-term interest. Flashpoint Ignite enables analysts to research particular accounts and their recent activity and matches transactions to their respective ATM slips and institution address. This helps to ensure the accuracy of the information found within these communities and marketplaces before raising any alarms, as many scammers post false content.
This approach is particularly valuable as check fraudsters often share crucial information such as preferred methodologies, social media handles, and geolocations that can aid in identifying malicious activities. In addition, by closely observing newly emerging trends, such as the evolution of pandemic relief fraud to refund fraud to check fraud, analysts can proactively develop robust preventative measures to mitigate risks before these tactics become widespread.
In order to provide “material proof,” cyber threat actors will often tout and post an image of a check in a chat application or marketplace in hopes of increasing the likelihood of a successful transaction. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology can capture important information about check fraud attempts, since actors often share images of the fraudulent check or subsequent monetization transactions. OCR alerts are customizable with the financial institution’s name and common phrases used on checks to enhance accuracy.
Images of fraudulent checks provide valuable insights into the fraud attempt, including the check’s unique identifier, the account holder’s name, the bank’s name and address, and the endorsement signature. By analyzing these details, financial institutions and law enforcement agencies can identify patterns and leads that can help them track down the perpetrators and prevent future fraudulent activity.
Moreover, ATM withdrawal slips can offer critical information about the transaction, such as the location of the ATM, the time of the deposit, and the type of account used. This data is useful when taking appropriate measures to prevent similar attempts and protect customers’ assets. With the help of advanced technologies like Flashpoint’s OCR, institutions can quickly extract and analyze this information to generate real-time alerts and take prompt action to prevent monetary losses.
An essential investigative component, Flashpoint’s industry-first video search technology, like its OCR capability, enables fraud and cyber threat intelligence (CTI) teams to surface logos, text, explicit content, and other critical intelligence to enhance investigations.
Flashpoint delivers the intelligence that enables financial institutions to combat check fraud at scale. With timely, actionable, and accurate intelligence, financial institutions can mitigate and prevent financial loss, protect customer assets, and track down perpetrators. Get a free trial today to learn how:
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