Operation FlutterBridge is a malvertising campaign targeting macOS users. It distributed the new backdoor FlutterShell, built using the Flutter framework.
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The 2026 World Cup presents major cyber risks from ransomware groups, state-aligned actors, and other groups targeting critical infrastructure. Learn more here.
The post 2026 World Cup: Discussing The World’s Biggest Game’s Attack Surface appeared first on Unit 42.
During the recent geopolitical tensions in the Middle East, we reported on multiple Iran-nexus threat actors advancing Iran’s strategic objectives through cyber operations. These activities included targeting internet-connected cameras, conducting destructive attacks against US and Israeli entities, and exfiltrating data from cloud environments to support broader kinetic and intelligence-gathering efforts.
Nimbus Manticore (also tracked as UNC1549) is an IRGC-affiliated threat actor who primarily targets the defense, aviation and telecommunication sectors through career-themed phishing campaigns. Nimbus Manticore stands out compared to other Iranian-linked groups due to its complex malware toolset.
In 2025, we documented the MiniJunk malware framework used by Nimbus Manticore to target high-profile organizations across Western Europe and the Middle East.
In the recent campaign, the actor adopted several new techniques, including AppDomain (application domain) hijacking, AI-assisted malware development, and SEO poisoning.
In this article, we focus on three waves of the threat actor’s activity in the last few months, as well as discuss their latest techniques.
Figure 1 – 2026 campaign timeline during the ongoing military campaign.
In February 2026, amid rising tensions between the US, Israel and Iran and weeks of military buildup, we monitored new Nimbus Manticore phishing activity worldwide. In this campaign, the threat actor introduced a modified infection chain by abusing AppDomain Hijacking for execution instead of relying on the usual DLL sideloading techniques.
AppDomain Hijacking is a technique that abuses legitimate .NET applications to load a malicious DLL at launch time. This is achieved by placing a Trojanized XML .config file in the same directory as the target application. The configuration file, named after the abused binary with the .config suffix, specifies an attacker-controlled AppDomainManager class that points to a malicious DLL. When the application starts, the .NET runtime loads the DLL, enabling malicious code execution within the context of the trusted process.
Figure 2 – Config file pointing the appDomainManager class to the attacker-controlled DLL.
The phishing lure is consistent with previous Nimbus Manticore campaigns, targeting employees in selected organizations (primarily software and aviation sectors) with fake career opportunities. Targeted organizations in Saudi Arabia and Australia were directed to download a compressed ZIP archive stored on the OnlyOffice platform.
Figure 3 – ZIP file hosted on Onlyoffice.
The downloaded ZIP file contains these files:
Login
Setup.exe.config – AppDomain Hijacking configuration file pointing to uevmonitor.dll.uevmonitor.dll – A first stage Dropper.Interop.TaskScheduler.dll – a benign DLL.Figure 4 – Zip file masquerading as an Accenture job opportunity.
After the setup.exe binary is executed, the first-stage loader (uevmonitor.dll) is loaded. This component is responsible for extracting and deploying the next-stage payload, which is stored in encrypted form within the loader itself.
The extracted files are written into C:\Users\<USER>\AppData\Local\Packages\ and include a legitimate executable used for DLL sideloading alongside a malicious DLL identified as a new version of the MiniJunk backdoor.
The first-stage loader uevmonitor.dll shares multiple behaviors similar to older MiniJunk loader variants. These include validating that it is loaded specifically by the Setup.exe process and displaying a fake error message stating "Couldn't connect to survey server" to appear as a legitimate application failure and reduce user suspicion.
Figure 5 – Campaign 2: During Operation Epic Fury – Attack Chain.
During Operation Epic Fury, we continued to observe activity from the threat actor. Despite the challenging environment, Nimbus Manticore demonstrated a strong ability to rapidly adapt, maintain infrastructure, and develop new tooling. We assess that this capability was likely supported, at least in part, by LLM-based tools and AI-assisted development techniques.
In addition to career-themed phishing lures masquerading as a US-based airline, the threat actor also used a Trojanized Zoom installer, which we assess was part of a phishing campaign using fake meeting invitations. In addition, the Trojanized Zoom installer demonstrated in-depth research into the original application’s installation and execution flow, enabling it to be seamlessly integrated into the infection chain.
Similar to previous campaigns, the threat actor continued leveraging AppDomain Hijacking, not just for the initial execution stage but also during the deployment and execution of the final backdoor. For the final payload, the threat actor introduced a new backdoor that we named MiniFast, replacing the previously used MiniJunk malware family.
Many of the files used throughout the campaign had valid digital signatures via SSL.com, continuing the abuse of trusted signing infrastructure we previously documented in our 2025 report. We identified the use of at least two certificates during the current activity, including:
Gray Matter Software S.R.L.Kirubel Kerie NegeyaThe infection chain begins with the victim downloading a compressed archive named Zoominstall64.zip, which contains the following files:
Setup.exe – Benign Microsoft-signed binary (ServiceHub.VSDetouredHost.exe).Setup.exe.config – AppDomain Hijacking configuration file pointing to InitInstall.dll.InitInstall.dll – First-stage loader.Zoom_cm.exe – Original Zoom installer.UpdateConfig.xml – AppDomain Hijacking configuration file pointing to Updater.dll.Updater.dll – Second-stage loader.UpdateChecker.dll – Final backdoor payload (MiniFast).After Setup.exe is launched by the user, the first-stage loader (InitInstall.dll) is executed through AppDomain Hijacking using the accompanying .config file.
The loader itself is lightly obfuscated. Most readable strings are decrypted at runtime using a simple combination of ROT13 encoding and reversed-string transformations. Aside from the string obfuscation layer, the codebase contains meaningful function names and relatively well-structured logic. Execution begins with the malware displaying a fake installation progress window intended to mimic legitimate software installation activity. At the same time, the loader launches the legitimate Zoom installer (Zoom_cm.exe) to make the execution flow appear to the victim as a normal software installation.
After launching the installer, the malware enters a loop that lasts approximately one minute, continuously monitoring the system for the creation of a scheduled task matching this format:
ZoomUpdateTaskUser-<current user SID>
This scheduled task is usually created by the legitimate Zoom installer during installation.
When the task is created, the malware hijacks and modifies it to execute the second-stage component instead. By abusing an existing Zoom scheduled task rather than creating a new suspicious persistence mechanism, the malware attempts to blend into legitimate system activity and reduce detection opportunities.
The next-stage files are copied into C:\Users\<USER>\AppData\Local\Zoom\bin\update. This directory contains four files copied from the original archive, including the benign Microsoft-signed binary from the first stage, now renamed to Update.exe. The malware again abuses AppDomain Hijacking to load the second-stage loader (Updater.dll) through the trusted Update.exe process.
Similar to the first stage, the second-stage loader uses the same runtime string decryption routine based on ROT13 and reversed strings.
At the beginning of its execution, the loader performs a simple anti-analysis validation intended to evade sandbox environments and automated dynamic analysis systems. The malware only continues execution if:
update.exesvchost.exeThis execution-chain validation ensures that the DLL is loaded by the malware’s intended loader component and that execution originates from the scheduled-task persistence mechanism instead of launched directly through explorer.exe etc.
The primary purpose of the second-stage loader is to dynamically load the final MiniFast payload (UpdateChecker.dll), locate its exported function named CheckForUpdates, and execute it.
This campaign also provides multiple indications that the threat actor leveraged AI-assisted development during the malware creation. We see evidence for this in both the initial access loaders and within the MiniFast backdoor itself.
Several coding patterns and implementation details strongly suggest the use of AI-generated or AI-assisted code during development, including:
GetUserName.These characteristics are increasingly prevalent in malware development as threat actors leverage AI-assisted tools to accelerate development, improve code structure, and rapidly utilize new capabilities.
In April, we observed a new infection method, a fake website impersonating a download page for SQL Developer, a graphical tool used for working with databases. Users who attempted to download the software from the fake site instead received a weaponized installer that delivered the MiniFast backdoor.
Figure 6 – Screenshot of the getsqldeveloper[.]com site.
This malware delivery method differs from Nimbus Manticore’s usual infection chains which typically rely on career-themed phishing lures. In this campaign, the actor abuses search engine optimization techniques by registering dozens of domains that link to the bogus domain, getsqldeveloper[.]com. This is likely an attempt to increase the site’s visibility through link-based reputation signals.
At the time of our analysis, the malicious domain ranked high in the results returned by multiple search engines, such as Bing and DuckDuckGo, for the query “sql developer.” This increased the likelihood that users searching for legitimate SQL Developer downloads would encounter the site.
The pages also rely on keyword stuffing, repeatedly using search-oriented phrases such as “Download SQL Developer” and “SQL Developer Free,” likely to improve ranking for users searching for SQL Developer-related downloads.
MiniFast is a 64-bit Windows PE DLL that exposes a single export named CheckForUpdates which acts as the main entry point. The DLL operates as a fully featured backdoor designed for long-term persistence and remote command execution. Analysis of multiple samples indicates the malware is undergoing active development, with the threat actor continuously modifying and improving the implant across versions.
Figure 7 – Export function CheckForUpdates structure.
Similar to the previous stage, the backdoor again appears to be executing under the expected process chain by verifying that the hosting process is named update.exe and that its parent process is svchost.exe
The implant communicates with its C2 (command and control) infrastructure using an API-style architecture with JSON-formatted data exchanges. To blend into legitimate network traffic, the malware impersonates a Chrome browser using the following hardcoded User-Agent string: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/146.0.0.0 Safari/537.36
The backdoor implements several structured HTTP endpoints throughout the infection lifecycle:
| URI | Method | Purpose |
|---|---|---|
/rg | POST | Initial handshake |
/agent/init | POST | Initial victim registration |
/agent/poll?token= | GET | Task retrieval |
/agent/result | POST | Command execution result upload |
/upload/ | PUT | File exfiltration |
/files/ | GET | File download from the C2 |
Before entering its tasking loop, the malware performs basic host reconnaissance by collecting information such as the username, hostname, and domain info, and then submits the collected data as a unique clientId to the /rg endpoint using a POST request.
{
"clientId":"<ComputerName>:<USERDOMAIN>\<UserName>",
"type":"poll"
}
If the server responds with HTTP status code 200, the backdoor skips parsing the response body and continues executing normally. However, when the server responds with status code 400, the malware parses the returned JSON object and extracts a socketId, which acts as the session identifier for all future communications.
In addition, the server response may include updated values for pollInterval and jitterTime, allowing the operator to dynamically adjust the timing between subsequent communications with the C2 infrastructure.
{
"socketId":"<string>",
"pollInterval":120000,
"jitterTime":5000
}
Next, the backdoor continues to register the infected host by again sending the machine information, this time to the /agent/init in the following format:
{
"token": "<socketId>",
"pcName": "<computer_name>",
"userName": "<user_name>",
"domainName": "<USERDOMAIN>",
"isElevated": true_or_false
}
Only after it receives an HTTP status code 200 from the C2 server does the backdoor proceed to fetch commands for execution using a GET request to /agent/poll?token=<socketId>.
Here, the communication between the implant and the C2 server is not in a JSON format and is performed using Base64-encoded serialized task structures, where each response contains one or more encoded tasks that are later decoded and processed by the backdoor.
struct PollEnvelope {
uint32_t task_count;
struct TaskDescriptor {
uint32_t len_base64;
char base64_task[len_base64]; // ASCII, no null terminator
} tasks[task_count];
};
Each task is then Base64-decoded into a secondary structure, containing the opcode and associated arguments:
struct TaskRecord {
uint8_t opcode;
uint8_t pad[7]; // alignment
custom_str_struct arg_main; // at offset +0x08: main command argument
custom_str_struct arg_aux; // at offset +0x28: secondary arg (if needed)
custom_str_struct taskId; // at offset +0x48: unique task identifier
}
The opcode determines which capability is executed, while the remaining fields contain command arguments and task tracking identifiers. The malware implements a structured opcode-based command handler that provides operators with extensive control over infected systems.
Figure 8 – MiniFast Command switch.
The supported command set:
| Opcode | Capability | Arguments | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
0x02 | List Directory | path | Lists files and folders inside a specified directory. |
0x03 | Move / Rename | source, destination | Moves or renames files and directories on the victim machine. |
0x04 | Execute Command | command | Executes shell commands using cmd.exe /c and returns captured output. |
0x05 | Enumerate Processes | None | Enumerates running processes and returns process names alongside their PIDs. |
0x06 | Delete File / Directory | path | Deletes files or directories depending on the target type. |
0x07 | Download File | fileUuid, destinationPath | Downloads a file from the C2 server to the local machine. |
0x08 | Upload File | path | Uploads local files from the infected machine to the C2 server. |
0x09 | Enumerate Drives | None | Lists available logical drives on the infected machine. |
0x0A | Kill Process | pid | Terminates a process using its PID. |
0x0B | Load DLL | dllPath, exportName | Dynamically loads a DLL and invokes a specified exported function. |
0x0C | Create Directory | path | Creates a new directory on the victim machine. |
0x0D | Create ZIP Archive | sourcePath, zipPath | Creates a ZIP archive from files or directories. |
0xB0 | Request UAC Elevation | pathOrCommand | Attempts to relaunch a process with elevated privileges using runas. |
0xB1 | Install Persistence | binaryPath | Creates or updates a scheduled task named WindowsSecurityUpdate. |
0xF0 | Set Poll Interval | milliseconds | Updates the beacon polling interval. |
0xF1 | Idle Command Acknowledge | None | Acknowledges an idle-time command without modifying behavior. |
0xF2 | Set Jitter | milliseconds | Updates the jitter value applied to beacon intervals. |
Default | Unknown Opcode | Any | Returns an error for unsupported commands. |
After executing a task, the implant serializes the execution result into a dedicated response structure which is Base64-encoded and submitted back to the C2 server through the /agent/result endpoint. The encoded result object contains the task identifier, execution status, and command output:
struct ResultEntry {
uint32_t taskIdLen;
char taskId[taskIdLen]; // unique task identifier
uint32_t status; // 0 = success, 1 = error
uint8_t resultText[resultLen]; // command output
};
Nimbus Manticore consistently focuses on Europe, the Middle East and Africa, particularly Israel and the United Arab Emirates. However, in contrast to our previous research, the actor’s recent operations demonstrate an expansion toward aviation-sector targets in the United States.
As observed in prior campaigns, there appears to be a strong correlation between the phishing lure and the targeted sector. For example, fraudulent hiring portals impersonating aviation companies were used to target employees and organizations operating within that industry. In the current campaign, impersonate US domestic airlines suggest a deliberate focus on US-based targets.
Our findings indicate targeting extends across several strategic sectors, including aviation and software development. These sectors align with the IRGC’s broader intelligence collection priorities.
Figure 9 – Geographic Distribution of victims around the world.
Nimbus Manticore is one of the most sophisticated Iranian-aligned threat actors with a long-standing focus on the defense, telecommunications, and aviation sectors. The ongoing conflict in the Middle East, combined with the operational demands of wartime activity, appears to have significantly accelerated their malware evolution.
As an IRGC-affiliated entity operating under heightened geopolitical conditions, Nimbus Manticore demonstrated a rapid adoption cycle for new techniques, tooling, and operational methodologies. The actor’s activity during Operation Epic Fury highlights their increasing adaptability, particularly through the integration of AI-assisted malware development, novel infection vectors, and advanced stealth mechanisms.
SHA256 10fd541674adadfbba99b54280f7e59732746faf2b10ce68521866f737f1e46d eee657ffdb2af8ed6412221e7d5fbf4f5742f2ac2c88f43f12db46af0697de71 781605ce9d4a9869e846f6c9657d71437cb6240ab27ffbc4cd550c0e06996690 2c214494fd0bad31473ca8adce78a4f50847876584571e66aadeae70827ec2dc f08b17856616d66492a24dced27f788e235f35f42fa7cd10f315000d3a2f4c03 a57ffb819fe8d98ff925c5d7b239598fe302acf5a13193d7a535040a71298fdf 63d0d3c4a7f71bdbca720903d6a99b832089cc093c64d2938e7e001e56c17ab4 74882085db2088356ed7f72f01e0404a0a98cda88ef56fb15ce74c1f36b26d27 bc3b44154518c5794ce639108e7b9c5fecb0c189607a26de1aaed518d890c7ad ecaf493c320d201d285ef5f61d75744216e47cf1115b4af528f9a78883cc446e 44f4f7aca7f1d9bfdaf7b3736934cbe19f851a707662f8f0b0c49b383e054250 0db36a04d304ad96f9e6f97b531934594cd95a5cea9ff2c9af249201089dc864 485f182f7b74ea4013b2539275a95d21e3a9bf0082c331937af9353a324b36f3 64530d7e6ee30e4a66d9eeed6b8595c33fd72f5f73409133ca40539e5695df4c 332ba2f0297dfb1599adecc3e9067893e7cf243aa23aedce4906a4c480574c17 9e4a658e6d831c9e9bdfe11884a75b7c64812ed0a80e8495ddf6b316505acac1 43dc62cef52ebdd69e79f10015b3e13890f26c058325c0ff139c70f8d8eadcfa 8808c794c24367438f183e4be941876f1d3ecd0c8d2eb43b10d2380841d2283b 5c3362d20229597d11380f56d1f2eb39647fb6afad7be8392a7abcd18dff12f8 0291ef318576953f7f3fe287e7775ed1d7c3206119dc7b9cd6d85c02779e6e40 d4a7e9f107fe40c1a5d0139c6c6e25bf6bf57f61feff090bee28f476bb3cc3c2 38bd137c672bd58d08c4f0502f993a6561e2c3411773d1ae57ee0151a0a9d11d f54cd38632ac9da3af3533ae93e92625cbcb04df521dbf1b6acfaa81218f9e8c b19e06da580cf91691eda066ac9ee4b09c6e5dc26c367af12660fe1f9306eec4 9cf029daca89523d917dafed0568d11d00e45ec96b5b90b4a1f7fd4018c7da84 a13ba3c5aff46e9daf2d23df4b3e3d49dc7236c207c56f0a1433051f3450d441 dfa1e3137a032ee8561a1cd5e1a0f71a10bebb36aef7c336c878638a9c1239ee Domains business-startup[.]org business-startup.azurewebsites[.]net businessstartup.azurewebsites[.]net buisness-centeral.azurewebsites[.]net buisness-centeral-transportation.azurewebsites[.]net buisness-centeral-transportation[.]com licencemanagers.azurewebsites[.]net licencesupporting.azurewebsites[.]net peerdistsvcmanagers.azurewebsites[.]net nanomatrix.azurewebsites[.]net PremierHealthAdvisory[.]com PremierHealthAdvisory[.]azurewebsites.net Premier-HealthAdvisory[.]azurewebsites.net ramiltonsfinance[.]com ramiltonsfinance.azurewebsites[.]net ramiltons-finance.azurewebsites[.]net globalitconsultants.azurewebsites[.]net globalit-consultants.azurewebsites[.]net global-it-consultants.azurewebsites[.]net global-it-checkers.azurewebsites[.]net global-it-checkbusiness.azurewebsites[.]net global-check-itbusiness.azurewebsites[.]net global-check-business-it.azurewebsites[.]net globalbusiness-checkers-it.azurewebsites[.]net getsqldeveloper[.]com
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Open-source framework ROADtools is being misused by threat actors for cloud intrusions. Learn how to identify its malicious use.
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