As organizations scale their cloud infrastructure, maintaining proper lifecycle management of Amazon Machine Images (AMIs) is a critical component of their security and risk management goals. AMIs provide the essential information required to launch Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (Amazon EC2) instances, however; they present security and compliance challenges if not tracked and managed throughout their lifecycle. This blog post explores how organizations can meet their evolving security and compliance requirements by managing potential vulnerabilities across the AMIs deployed throughout their AWS environment.

At the end of 2024, AWS announced lineage supportfor Amazon EC2, providing source details for your AMIs. With this lineage information, you can trace copied or derived AMIs back to their original source. The source AMI information is available for AMIs that were created using specific API commands like CreateImage, CopyImage, and CreateRestoreImageTask. If the AMI was created using a different API command, the ID and AWS Region of the source AMI don’t appear, which can create visibility gaps that potentially impact security and compliance efforts.

To address these gaps and provide comprehensive AMI governance, organizations need to build additional capabilities to analyze the scope of impact of Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVEs), ensure deployed resources originate from an approved golden image, and respond to audit inquiries that require a clear chain of custody for AMIs. A well-designed solution should also help track and enforce approved AMI creation patterns across all accounts and AWS Regions. The AMI lineage solution described in this post is designed to help you manage your organization’s AMI hierarchy and lifecycle, including tracking AMI origins and usage throughout its AWS environment. By implementing this solution, your security teams can quickly understand the scope of impact when security vulnerabilities are discovered, help ensure compliance with organizational policies, and maintain better visibility into their AMI estate.

The solution in this blog post uses Amazon Neptune, a high-performance graph database, along with native AWS security services to maintain a comprehensive view of AMI relationships and enable proactive security monitoring. With the solution in place, you can enforce controls on AMI sourcing, including validation of marketplace AMIs through service control policies (SCPs), and maintain compliance with organizational and regulatory requirements throughout the AMI lifecycle.

AMI Lineage provides a comprehensive governance solution that uses AWS security services and Neptune to create and maintain a hierarchical graph representation of their AMI relationships. This solution helps security and compliance teams understand the complete history of their AMIs including where they originated from, enforce organizational policies such as requiring all AMIs to be encrypted, and rapidly assess security impacts across their organization.
The solution integrates core AWS services with security and governance capabilities. The core components of the solution in the security tooling account are:

• Neptune: A purpose-built, high-performance graph database securely stores and manages the AMI relationship data.
• AWS Lambdafunctions serve as the processing engine for the solution. They process AMI lifecycle events (such as CreateImage, CopyImage, DeregisterImage), evaluate them against compliance rules, and update the Neptune graph database. The functions are configured with least-privilege AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) permissions to enhance security.
• Amazon API Gateway provides secure REST endpoints for lineage queries and security assessments. Authentication is handled using a combination of API keys and IAM roles to help ensure that only authorized users and systems can access the data.

From a governance perspective, this solution provides comprehensive AMI origin validation to help ensure AMIs come from approved sources, including the validation of AWS Marketplace AMIs against a list of trusted vendors. Lifecycle management capabilities enforce AMI retention policies and deprecation processes. Compliance monitoring tracks adherence to organizational and regulatory requirements, while security event scope assessment capabilities quickly identify affected resources when security vulnerabilities are discovered. A detailed audit trail maintains a complete history of AMI creation, modification, and usage patterns.

The AMI Lineage solution follows AWS security best practices with a multi-account deployment architecture designed to maximize security while maintaining operational efficiency. The architecture distributes responsibilities across three primary account types: an organization management account, a centralized security tooling account, and multiple member accounts.

This architectural approach helps ensure that sensitive operations and data remain centralized in the security tooling account while enabling distributed monitoring and policy enforcement across the organization. The clear separation of concerns enhances security while maintaining the scalability needed for large-scale AWS deployments.

Figure 1: AMI Lineage solution architecture and workflow

The workflow and architecture shown in figure one includes the following:

1. Policy enforcement: The organization management account is the central point for control. It uses AWS Organizations to enforce SCPs that prevent non-compliant AMI actions across the member accounts.
2. Event capture: When an AMI lifecycle event (like CreateImage or CopyImage) occurs in a member account, a local Amazon EventBridge rule captures it.
3. Centralized processing: The event is securely forwarded from the member account’s EventBridge to the central EventBridge in the security tooling account.
4. Data ingestion and analysis: A Lambda function is triggered in the security tooling account. This function processes the event, analyzes it for compliance, and updates the Neptune graph database with the new AMI relationship data. AWS Security Hub and Amazon GuardDuty in the security tooling account also receive and analyze findings from member accounts.
5. Query and visualization: Security teams query the lineage data through a secure API Gateway endpoint. By doing this, they can to visualize AMI hierarchies, investigate security findings from Security Hub, and assess the scope of impact for a given AMI.

The organization management account serves as the central control point for policy enforcement and organizational oversight. This account hosts SCPs that prevent non-approved AMI usage across the organization and manages organization-wide EventBridge rules that capture AMI events from member accounts. Cross-account trust policies configured in this account enable secure communication between the management account and the security tooling account.

Additionally, the management account establishes Security Hub in delegated administrator mode, designating the security tooling account as the centralized security administrator for the organization. From the security tooling account, Security Hub can be then configured to aggregate all Regions down to one core Region for easier evaluation by security personnel.

The security tooling account acts as the central hub for AMI lineage processing and storage. This account hosts the Neptune graph database cluster with encrypted storage, helping to ensure that AMI relationship data is securely maintained. Lambda functions running in this account process events, handle API requests, and evaluate compliance with least-privilege permissions. API Gateway provides secure REST endpoints for lineage queries and security assessments. Security Hub custom insights and findings are centralized here in the security tooling account as the Security Hub delegated administrator account, along with Amazon Simple Notification Service (Amazon SNS) topics for notifications and alerts. The Amazon Virtual Private Cloud (Amazon VPC) infrastructure supporting these services is also deployed in the security tooling account, providing network-level isolation and security.

The solution enables distributed monitoring and enforcement by deploying lightweight components into each member account across the organization. Each member account includes AWS Config rules for continuous compliance monitoring, cross-account IAM roles to enable secure access from the security tooling account, and local EventBridge rules that forward AMI-related events to the central processing system.

Security and compliance integration extends throughout the solution. IAM manages least-privilege access control and permissions across components. AWS CloudTrail records API activity for audit trails and compliance reporting, while Security Hub centralizes security findings and compliance status across your AMI estate. GuardDuty provides threat detection for AMI-related activities. SCPs enforce organization-wide controls on AMI creation and usage patterns, and AWS Config tracks AMI configuration changes and evaluates compliance rules.

The AMI Lineage solution operates through a continuous monitoring and automated response system that maintains comprehensive visibility into your AMI landscape. When AMI lifecycle events occur in your organization, EventBridge rules capture these activities, including creation, copying, modification, and deregistration events. Lambda functions in the security tooling account are then called upon to process these events with appropriate security controls and update the Neptune graph database in real-time, while CloudTrail logs provide a comprehensive audit trail of AMI-related activities.

The system tracks critical security and compliance metadata that forms the foundation of effective AMI governance. This includes:

• Source AMI information and validation status to help ensure lineage integrity
• Creation method and timestamp data for comprehensive audit trails
• Cross-Region and cross-account relationships to understand the full scope of AMI distribution
• Instance launch history with security context to track usage patterns
• AMI state changes including deprecation and deregistration for lifecycle management
• Compliance status along with policy violations to maintain organizational standards.

Security teams use this comprehensive data through secure API calls to visualize complete AMI hierarchies and relationships, providing clear insight into how AMIs are related across your infrastructure. The compliance of your AMI estate is continuously tracked through a combination of services:

• Detection: AWS Config rules deployed in member accounts check for policy violations (for example, incorrect tags and public permissions).
• Aggregation: These findings, along with vulnerability data from services like Amazon Inspector, are aggregated in AWS Security Hub.
• Correlation: Lambda functions in the security tooling account correlate this information with the lineage data in Neptune. Because of this correlation, you can see not just that an AMI is non-compliant, but also its entire downstream impact. When security events like CVE findings are discovered, teams can quickly assess the scope of impact across their entire AMI estate. The solution monitors AMI usage patterns for security anomalies and enforces governance controls through automated policy checks.

The solution provides robust automated policy enforcement capabilities that operate continuously to maintain security and compliance. The system helps ensure that only approved AMIs with verified lineage history can be used to launch new instances, automatically blocking attempts to use non-compliant images. SCP controls on AMI creation and usage are enforced organization-wide, preventing unauthorized AMI operations before they can impact your environment. When policy violations are detected, the system can trigger automated responses to security events and maintain compliance with organizational standards through real-time enforcement.

Before deploying the AMI Lineage solution, you need to establish the proper security and governance foundation across your organization. Your AWS Organizations management account requires administrative permissions, and your organization must be enabled with all features to support the policies used in this solution. You will also need a dedicated security tooling account to host the solution’s core components, with cross-account IAM roles configured to allow secure access. Finally, essential security services must be configured at the organization level, including Security Hub, CloudTrail organization trails for audit logging, and encryption keys using AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) for data protection.

From a technical perspective, ensure you have Python 3.8 or later installed if deploying from a local environment, along with AWS Command Line Interface (AWS CLI) version 2 installed and configured with appropriate security credentials. You’ll also need an Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3) bucket for deployment artifacts, encrypted using SSE-KMS with a customer-managed key to align with best practices for protecting deployment assets.

The complete AMI Lineage solution is available as open source code in the AWS Samples repository. You can clone the repository and follow the deployment instructions. The repository includes the necessary AWS CloudFormation templates, Lambda functions, and deployment scripts referenced in the following phases.

The deployment process follows a five-phase approach that builds security and compliance capabilities progressively:

1. Security foundations
2. Security controls
3. EventBridge rules
4. Core infrastructure
5. Compliance and monitoring

The first phase establishes the security foundation by configuring AWS Organizations security services. This involves enablingSecurity Hub in the management account and designating the security tooling account as the delegated administrator, enablingnullGuardDuty with the security tooling account configured as thenulldelegated administrator, and enabling an organizational wide CloudTrail trail for audit logging.

# In Organization Management Account: 
# Enable Security Hub and set security tooling account as delegated admin 
aws securityhub enable-organization-admin-account \   
--admin-account-id <security-tooling-account-id> 

# Enable GuardDuty organization with security tooling account as admin   
aws guardduty enable-organization-admin-account \   
--admin-account-id <security-tooling-account-id> 

# Create organization trail with encryption aws cloudtrail create-trail \   
--name ami-lineage-trail \   
--s3-bucket-name <your-secure-bucket> \   
--is-organization-trail \   
--kms-key-id <your-kms-key-id> \   
--enable-log-file-validation

The second phase deploys base security controls through organization-wide SCPs. These policies enforce AMI governance controls by preventing the use of non-approved AMIs and helping to ensure that proper tagging and approval workflows are followed.

# In Organization Management Account: 
# Deploy organization-wide SCPs 
aws organizations create-policy \   
--content file://ami-governance-scp.json \   
--name "AMI-Governance-Controls" \   
--type SERVICE_CONTROL_POLICY 

# Attach to organizational units 
aws organizations attach-policy \   
--policy-id <policy-id> \   
--target-id <ou-id>

The third phase deploys organization-wide EventBridge rules from the management account to capture AMI events across member accounts and forward them to the security tooling account for processing. These rules listen for specific API calls captured by CloudTrail.

An example of the event pattern used to capture CreateImage and CopyImage events looks like this:

{
	"source": ["aws.ec2"],
	"detail-type": ["AWS API Call via CloudTrail"],
	"detail": {
		"eventSource": ["ec2.amazonaws.com"],
		"eventName": [
			"CreateImage",
			"CopyImage",
			"RegisterImage",
			"DeregisterImage"
		]
	}
}

# In Organization Management Account: 
# Deploy organization EventBridge rules 
cd deployment-scripts/organization 
./deploy-organization-resources.sh

The fourth phase focuses on core infrastructure deployment in the security tooling account. This is where the primary processing and storage components are deployed, following security best practices by centralizing sensitive operations in a dedicated account.

# Switch to Security Tooling Account context 
# Deploy Neptune cluster with encryption in security tooling account 
cd deployment-scripts/shared 
./deploy-shared-resources.sh

This deployment script handles multiple components in the security tooling account. The Neptune cluster deployment includes encryption and VPC configuration to help ensure secure storage and access to AMI lineage data. Lambda functions are deployed with security controls and configured with VPC attachment, which allows for secure Neptune access in the VPC, appropriate IAM roles with least-privilege permissions, and environment variables for secure configuration. API Gateway provides secure REST endpoints for external access to AMI lineage data and security assessments.

The fifth phase establishes comprehensive compliance and monitoring capabilities across member accounts. AWS Config rules are deployed to continuously monitor AMI compliance across your organization, while EventBridge rules forward AMI events to the central processing system.

# In each Member Account: 
# Deploy AWS Config Rules and monitoring capabilities 
cd deployment-scripts/child-account   
./deploy-child-account-resources.sh

After deployment, thorough verification helps ensure that security configurations are properly implemented. This includes validating IAM permissions to help ensure least-privilege access, testing security controls to verify SCP enforcement, validating encryption settings acrosscomponents, and confirming that the security tooling account is properly configured as the Security Hub delegated administrator.

When deployed, AMI Lineage provides security operations and compliance monitoring capabilities through its API hosted in the security tooling account and automated monitoring systems. Security teams can query and receive complete AMI security relationships to understand the full context of AMIs in their environment.

When investigating AMIs, the system provides detailed security context including source validation information that confirms:

• Whether AMIs come from marketplace sources or trusted accounts
• Compliance status that shows patch levels and policy adherence
• Vulnerability status with CVE findings and scan results
• Comprehensive lineage data showing the complete chain of AMI relationships and approval history

# Get complete security context for an AMI (API Gateway in Security Tooling Account) 
curl -X GET "https://<api-gateway-id>.execute-api.<region>.amazonaws.com/v1/api/v1/ami/ami-1234567890abcdef0/security-context?include_compliance=true" \  
	-H "x-api-key: <your-api-key>"

For security impact assessments, such as when a new CVE is discovered, the solution provides a powerful scope of impact analysis. By querying the API with a specific finding, security teams can rapidly determine every affected resource across their entire organization that stems from a compromised or vulnerable AMI. Using that information, they can understand the full scope of their exposure and begin remediation. See Security best practices in Amazon API Gateway for helpful considerations while using API Keys.

# Assess for a security finding (Security Tooling Account API) 
curl -X POST "https://<api-gateway-id>.execute-api.<region>.amazonaws.com/v1/api/v1/security-impact" \   
	-H "Content-Type: application/json" \   
	-H "x-api-key: <your-api-key>" \   
	-d '{     "ami_id": 
		"ami-1234567890abcdef0",     
		"finding_type": "CVE",     
		"finding_id": "CVE-2024-XXXX",     
		"severity": "CRITICAL"   
	}'

This analysis returns impact information including:

• Affected AMIs in the lineage chain
• Running instances requiring immediate remediation
• Affected AWS accounts and regions for coordinated response
• Associated auto-scaling groups and launch templates that need updates
• Compliance impact assessment for regulatory reporting
• Detailed remediation steps prioritized by risk level.

Compliance monitoring operates continuously through automated assessment capabilities that evaluate your AMI estate against organizational policies and regulatory requirements. Teams can generate comprehensive compliance reports that show adherence to security standards across their entire infrastructure.

# Generate comprehensive compliance report (Security Tooling Account API) 
curl -X POST "https://<api-gateway-id>.execute-api.<region>.amazonaws.com/v1/api/v1/compliance-assessment" \   
	-H "Content-Type: application/json" \   
	-H "x-api-key: <your-api-key>" \   
	-d '{     
		"rules": [       
    		"required_tags",       
    		"approved_source_validation",       
    		"security_scan_status",       
    		"naming_convention",       
    		"lineage_verification"     
		],     
		"scope": "ORGANIZATION"   
	}'

The solution provides security automation and remediation through configurable automated responses to security events. Security Hub, operating in delegated administrator mode from the security tooling account, can be configured to automatically respond to findings by stopping instances using AMIs with critical vulnerabilities, quarantining instances launched from unapproved sources, and sending immediate notifications for high-severity findings.

Security visualization and reporting capabilities, centralized in the security tooling account, provide real-time dashboards showing:

• Compliance status across the organization
• Scoping visualization for rapid decision-making
• AMI approval workflow status for process monitoring
• Patch compliance metrics for maintaining security posture
• Automated remediation activity logs for audit purposes
• Custom security reports tailored to specific organizational needs.

For security investigations and audit purposes, the solution maintains a queryable audit trail that provides a complete history of AMIs, including creation and modification events, security scanning results and findings, approval workflow history, and compliance status changes over time.

# Query comprehensive audit history (Security Tooling Account API) 
curl -X GET "https://<api-gateway-id>.execute-api.<region>.amazonaws.com/v1/api/v1/ami/ami-1234567890abcdef0/lineage?direction=both&depth=10" \   
	-H "x-api-key: <your-api-key>"

To decommission the AMI Lineage solution, use the following steps to prevent dependency errors. The process is the reverse of the deployment.

1. (Optional) Back up your data. Before you begin, export critical data for your audit and compliance records. This includes generating final compliance reports from the API or creating a final snapshot of the Neptune database (you will be prompted to do this when you delete the cluster).
2. Run cleanup in member accounts. Sign in to each participating member account and run the cleanup script from the deployment files. This removes the local EventBridge rules, AWS Config rules, and cross-account IAM roles.

   # In each Member Account 
   cd deployment-scripts/child-account
   ./cleanup-child-account-resources.sh 
   # Removes Config rules and cross-account roles from each member account

3. Run cleanup in the security tooling account. Sign in to your security tooling account and run the cleanup script. This decommissions the core solution, including the API gateway, Lambda functions, Neptune cluster, and the associated VPC.

   # Clean up security tooling account   
   cd deployment-scripts/shared
   
   ./cleanup-shared-resources.sh 
   # Removes Neptune, Lambda, API Gateway, SNS, and Security Hub components

4. Run cleanup in the organization management account. Sign in to your organization management account to remove the organization-level resources.
   1. Run the cleanup script to remove the organization-wide EventBridge rules.

      # Clean up organization management account
      
      cd deployment-scripts/organization
      
      ./cleanup-organization-resources.sh   
      # Removes SCPs, EventBridge rules, and cross-account trust policies

   2. In the AWS Organizations console, detach and delete the AMI-Governance-Controls SCP.
   3. In the Security Hub and GuardDuty consoles, remove the security tooling account as the delegated administrator.
5. Delete final data and encryption keys. After the solution’s infrastructure is removed, you can delete the remaining assets.
   1. In the security tooling account,empty and delete the S3 bucket that held the deployment artifacts.
   2. In the organization management account,schedule the deletion of the KMS keys you created for encrypting the solution’s data.

In this blog post, we showed you how you can use the AMI Lineage solution to build a comprehensive approach to tracking the complete history of your AMIs from creation to decommissioning. By storing this data in an Amazon Neptune graph database, you can build a hierarchical view of the relationships between your EC2 instances and the AMIs they were launched from. You learned how that data can be used to improve security response and remediation and assist in auditing and compliance activities.

The solution uses AWS Organizations to provide preventative controls to help ensure that only approved AMIs are used and integrates AWS security services like Amazon GuardDuty, AWS Security Hub, and AWS Config to add additional layers of security monitoring and management. Finally, you saw how the solution can be used during a security event or when new CVEs are published, so that you can rapidly discover which systems are affected and automate responses based on those findings.

While this solution provides powerful capabilities, it’s important to consider the operational and cost aspects. The core components, particularly Neptune, have associated costs that will scale with the size of your AMI estate. We recommend implementing cost monitoring and alerts as part of your deployment. Furthermore, because the solution is event-driven, you should plan a one-time backfill process to ingest your organization’s existing AMI history into the graph database. For organizations that require this level of granular control and visibility, these operational considerations are offset by the significant gains in security posture and compliance automation.

AMI Lineage transforms AMI governance from a manual, error-prone process into an automated, comprehensive security capability that scales with your organization’s growth. By implementing this solution, your organization can gain the visibility, control, and automated response capabilities needed to maintain a strong security posture while enabling rapid, secure deployment of infrastructure across its AWS environment.

If you have feedback about this post, submit comments in the Comments section below. If you have questions about this post, contact AWS Support.