Amazon Web Services (AWS) is pleased to announce the successful completion of Payment Card Industry Personal Identification Number (PCI PIN) audit for the AWS Payment Cryptography service.

With AWS Payment Cryptography, your payment processing applications can use payment hardware security modules (HSMs) that are PCI PIN Transaction Security (PTS) HSM certified and fully managed by AWS, with PCI PIN-compliant key management. This attestation gives you the flexibility to deploy your regulated workloads with reduced compliance overhead.

The PCI PIN compliance report package for AWS Payment Cryptography includes two key components:

• PCI PIN Attestation of Compliance (AOC) – demonstrating that AWS Payment Cryptography was successfully validated against the PCI PIN standard with zero findings
• PCI PIN Responsibility Summary – provides guidance to help AWS customers understand their responsibilities in developing and operating a highly secure environment for handling PIN-based transactions

AWS was evaluated by Coalfire, a third-party Qualified Security Assessor (QSA). Customers can access the PCI PIN Attestation of Compliance (AOC) and PCI PIN Responsibility Summary reports through AWS Artifact.

To learn more about our PCI programs and other compliance and security programs, visit the AWS Compliance Programs page. As always, we value your feedback and questions; reach out to the AWS Compliance team through the Compliance Support page.

If you have feedback about this post, submit comments in the Comments section below. If you have questions about this post, contact AWS Support.

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is pleased to announce a successful completion of the 2025 Cloud Computing Compliance Criteria Catalogue (C5) attestation cycle with 183 services in scope. This alignment with C5 requirements demonstrates our ongoing commitment to adhere to the heightened expectations for cloud service providers. AWS customers in Germany and across Europe can run their applications in the AWS Regions that are in scope of the C5 report with the assurance that AWS aligns with C5 criteria.

The C5 attestation scheme is backed by the German government and was introduced by the Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) in 2016. AWS has adhered to the C5 requirements since their inception. C5 helps organizations demonstrate operational security against common cybersecurity threats when using cloud services.

Independent third-party auditors evaluated AWS for the period of October 1, 2024, through September 30, 2025. The C5 report illustrates the compliance status of AWS for both the basic and additional criteria of C5. Customers can download the C5 report through AWS Artifact, a self-service portal for on-demand access to AWS compliance reports. Sign in to AWS Artifact in the AWS Management Console or learn more at Getting Started with AWS Artifact.

AWS has added the following five services to the current C5 scope:

• Amazon Verified Permissions
• AWS B2B Data Interchange
• AWS Resource Explorer
• AWS Security Incident Response
• AWS Transform

The following AWS Regions are in scope of the 2025 C5 attestation: Europe (Frankfurt), Europe (Ireland), Europe (London), Europe (Milan), Europe (Paris), Europe (Stockholm), Europe (Spain), Europe (Zurich), and Asia Pacific (Singapore). For up-to-date information, see the C5 page of our AWS Services in Scope by Compliance Program.

Security and compliance is a shared responsibility between AWS and the customer. When customers move their computer systems and data to the cloud, security responsibilities are shared between the customer and the cloud service provider. For more information, see the AWS Shared Security Responsibility Model.

To learn more about our compliance and security programs, see AWS Compliance Programs. As always, we value your feedback and questions; reach out to the AWS Compliance team through the Contact Us page.

Reach out to your AWS account team if you have questions or feedback about the C5 report.
If you have feedback about this post, submit comments in the Comments section below.

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is pleased to announce the expansion of GSMA Security Accreditation Scheme for Subscription Management (SAS-SM) certification to four new AWS Regions: US West (Oregon), Europe (Frankfurt), Asia Pacific (Tokyo), and Asia Pacific (Singapore). Additionally, the AWS US East (Ohio) and Europe (Paris) Regions have been recertified. All certifications are under the GSM Association (GSMA) SAS-SM with scope Data Centre Operations and Management (DCOM). AWS was evaluated by GSMA-selected independent third-party auditors, and all Region certifications are valid through October 2026. The Certificate of Compliance that shows AWS achieved GSMA compliance status is available on both the GSMA and AWS websites.

The US East (Ohio) Region first obtained GSMA certification in September 2021, and the Europe (Paris) Region first obtained GSMA certification in October 2021. Since then, multiple independent software vendors (ISVs) have inherited the controls of our SAS-SM DCOM certification to build GSMA compliant subscription management or eSIM (embedded subscriber identity module) services on AWS. For established market leaders, this reduces technical debt while meeting the scalability and performance needs of their customers. Startups innovating with eSIM solutions can accelerate their time to market by many months, compared to on-premises deployments.

Until 2023, the shift from physical subscriber identity modules (SIMs) to eSIMs was primarily driven by automotives, cellular connected wearables, and companion devices such as tablets. GSMA is promoting the SGP.31 and SGP.32 specifications, which standardize protocols and guarantee compatibility and consistent user experience for all eSIM devices spanning smartphones, IoT, smart home, industrial Internet of Things (IoT), and so on. As more device manufacturers launch eSIM only models, our customers are demanding robust, cloud-centered eSIM solutions. Over 400 telecom operators around the world now support eSIM services for their subscribers. Hosting eSIM platforms in the cloud allows them to integrate efficiently with their next generation cloud-based operations support systems (OSS) and business support systems (BSS).

The AWS expansion to certify four new Regions into scope in November 2025 demonstrates our continuous commitment to adhere to the heightened expectations for cloud service providers and extends our global coverage for GSMA-certified infrastructure. With two GSMA-certified Regions in the US, EU, and Asia respectively, customers can now build geo-redundant eSIM solutions to improve their disaster recovery and resiliency posture.

For up-to-date information related to the certification, see the AWS GSMA Compliance Program page.

To learn more about our compliance and security programs, see AWS Compliance Programs. As always, we value your feedback and questions; reach out to the AWS Compliance team through the Contact Us page. If you have feedback about this post, submit comments in the Comments section below.

One of the most common questions about secrets management strategies on Amazon Web Services (AWS) is whether an organization should centralize its secrets. Though this question is often focused on whether secrets should be centrally stored, there are four aspects of centralizing the secrets management process that need to be considered: creation, storage, rotation, and monitoring. In this post, we discuss the advantages and tradeoffs of centralizing or decentralizing each of these aspects of secrets management.

When deciding whether to centralize secrets creation, you should consider how you already deploy infrastructure in the cloud. Modern DevOps practices have driven some organizations toward developer portals and internal developer platforms that use golden paths for infrastructure deployment. By using tools that use golden paths, developers can deploy infrastructure in a self-service model through infrastructure as code (IaC) while adhering to organizational standards.

A central function maintains these golden paths, such as a platform engineering team. Examples of services that can be used to maintain and define golden paths might include AWS services such as AWS Service Catalog or popular open source projects such as Backstage.io. Using this approach, developers can focus on application code while platform engineers focus on infrastructure deployment, security controls, and developer tooling. An example of a golden path might be a templatized implementation for a microservice that writes to a database.

For example, a golden path could define that a service or application must be built using the AWS Cloud Development Kit (AWS CDK), running on Amazon Elastic Container Service (Amazon ECS), and use AWS Secrets Manager to retrieve database credentials. The platform team could also build checks to help ensure that the secret’s resource policy only allows access to the role being used by the microservice and is encrypted with a customer managed key. This pattern abstracts deployments away from developers and facilitates resource deployment across accounts. This is one example of a centralized creation pattern, shown in Figure 1.

The advantages of this approach are:

• Consistent naming tagging, and access control: When secrets are created centrally, you can enforce a standard naming convention based on the account, workload, service, or data classification. This simplifies implementing scalable patterns like attribute-based access control (ABAC).
• Least privilege checks in CI/CD pipelines: When you create secrets within the confines of IaC pipelines, you can use APIs such as the AWS IAM Access Analyzer check-no-new-access API. Deployment pipelines can be templatized, so individual teams can take advantage of organizational standards while still owning deployment pipelines.
• Create mechanisms for collaboration between platform engineering and security teams: Often, the shift towards golden paths and service catalogs is driven by a desire for a better developer experience and reduced operational overhead. A byproduct of this move is that security teams can partner with platform engineering teams to build security by default into these paths.

The tradeoffs of this approach are:

• It takes time and effort to make this shift. You might not have the resources to invest in full-time platform engineering or DevOps teams. To centrally provision software and infrastructure like this, you must maintain libraries of golden paths that are appropriate for the use cases of your organization. Depending on the size of your organization, this might not be feasible.
• Golden paths must keep up with the features of the services they support: If you’re using this pattern, and the service you’re relying on releases a new feature, your developers must wait for the features to be added to the affected golden paths.

If you want to learn more about the internal developer platform pattern, check out the re:Invent 2024 talk Elevating the developer experience with Backstage on AWS.

In a decentralized model, application teams own the IaC templates and deployment mechanisms in their own accounts. Here, each team is operating independently, which can make it more difficult to enforce standards as code. We’ll refer to this pattern, shown in Figure 2, as a decentralized creation pattern.

The advantages of this approach are:

• Speed: Developers can move quickly and have more autonomy because they own the creation process. Individual teams don’t have a dependency on a central function.
• Flexibility: You can still use features such as the IAM Access Analyzer check-no-new-access API, but it’s up to each team to implement this in their pipeline.

The tradeoffs of this approach are:

• Lack of standardization: It can become more difficult to enforce naming and tagging conventions, because it’s not templatized and applied through central creation mechanisms. Access controls and resource policies might not be consistent across teams.
• Developer attention: Developers must manage more of the underlying infrastructure and deployment pipelines.

Some customers choose to store their secrets in a central account, and others choose to store secrets in the accounts in which their workloads live. Figure 3 shows the architecture for centralized storage of secrets.

The advantages of centralizing the storage of secrets are:

• Simplified monitoring and observability: Monitoring secrets can be simplified by keeping them in a single account and with a centralized team controlling them.

Some tradeoffs of centralizing the storage of secrets are:

• Additional operational overhead: When sharing secrets across accounts, you must configure resource policies on each secret that is shared.
• Additional cost of AWS KMS Customer Managed Keys: You must use AWS Key Management Service (AWS KMS) customer managed keys when sharing secrets across accounts. While this gives you an additional layer of access control over secret access, it will increase cost under the AWS KMS pricing. It will also add another policy that needs to be created and maintained.
• High concentration of sensitive data: Having secrets in a central account can increase the number of resources affected in the event of inadvertent access or misconfiguration.
• Account quotas: Before deciding on a centralized secret account, review the AWS service quotas to ensure you won’t hit quotas in your production environment.
• Service managed secrets: When services such as Amazon Relational Database Service (Amazon RDS) or Amazon Redshift manage secrets on your behalf, these secrets are placed in the same account as the resource with which the secret is associated. To maintain a centralized storage of secrets while using service managed secrets, the resources would also have to be centralized.

Though there are advantages to centralizing secrets for monitoring and observability, many customers already rely on services such as AWS Security Hub, IAM Access Analyzer, AWS Config, and Amazon CloudWatch for cross-account observability. These services make it easier to create centralized views of secrets in a multi-account environment.

In a decentralized approach to storage, shown in in Figure 4, secrets live in the same accounts as the workload that needs access to them.

The advantages of decentralizing the storage of secrets are:

• Account boundaries and logical segmentation: Account boundaries provide a natural segmentation between workloads in AWS. When operating in a distributed multi-account environment, you cannot access secrets from another account by default, and all cross-account access must be allowed by both a resource policy in the source account and an IAM policy in the destination account. You can use resource control polices to prevent the sharing of secrets across accounts.
• AWS KMS key choice: If your secrets aren’t shared across accounts, then you have the choice to use AWS KMS customer managed keys or AWS managed keys to encrypt your secrets.
• Delegate permissions management to application owners: When secrets are stored in accounts with the applications that need to consume them, application owners define fine-grained permissions in secrets resource policies.

There are a few tradeoffs to consider for this architecture:

• Auditing and monitoring require cross-account deployments: Tools that are used to monitor the compliance and status of secrets need to operate across multiple accounts and present information in a single place. This is simplified by AWS native tools, which are described later in this post.
• Automated remediation workflows: You can have detective controls in place to alert on any misconfiguration or security risks related to your secrets. For example, you can surface an alert when a secret is shared outside of your organizational boundary through a resource policy. These workflows can be more complex in a multi-account environment. However, we have samples that can help, such as the Automated Security Response on AWS solution.

Like the creation and storage of secrets, organizations take different approaches to centralizing the lifecycle management and rotation of secrets.

When you centralize lifecycle management, as shown in Figure 5, a central team manages and owns AWS Lambda functions for rotation. The advantages of centralizing the lifecycle management of secrets are:

• Developers can reuse rotation functions: In this pattern, a centralized team maintains a common library of rotation functions for different use cases. An example of this can be seen in this AWS re:Inforce session. Using this method, application teams don’t have to build their own custom rotation functions and can benefit from common architectural decisions regarding databases and third-party software as a service (SaaS) applications.
• Logging: When storing and accessing rotation function logs, the centralized pattern can simplify managing logs from a single place.

There are some tradeoffs in centralizing the lifecycle management and rotation of secrets:

• Additional cross-account access scenarios: When centralizing lifecycle management, the Lambda functions in central accounts require permissions to create, update, delete and read secrets in the application accounts. This increases the operational overhead required to enable secret rotation.
• Service quotas: When you centralize a function at scale, service quotas can come into play. Check the Lambda service quotas to verify that you won’t hit quotas in your production environments.

Decentralizing the lifecycle management of secrets is a more common choice, where the rotation functions live in the same account as the associated secret, as shown in Figure 6.

The advantages of decentralizing the lifecycle management of secrets are:

• Templatization and customization: Developers can reuse rotation templates, but tweak the functions as needed to meet their needs and use cases
• No cross-account access: Decentralized rotation of secrets happens all in one account and doesn’t require cross-account access.

The primary tradeoff of decentralizing rotation is that you will need to provide either centralized or federated access to logs for rotation functions in different accounts. By default, Lambda automatically captures logs for all function invocations and sends them to CloudWatch Logs. CloudWatch Logs offers a few different ways that you can centralize your logs, with the tradeoffs of each described in the documentation.

Regardless of the model chosen for creation, storage, and rotation of secrets, centralize the compliance and auditing aspect when operating in a multi-account environment. You can use AWS Security Hub CSPM through its integration with AWS Organizations to centralize:

• AWS Foundational Security Best Practices findings associated with Secrets Manager
• IAM Access Analyzer findings related to external access to secrets manager secrets
• AWS Config findings related to Secrets Manager secrets,
• Amazon GuardDuty anomalous behavior findings for secrets

In this scenario, shown in Figure 7, centralized functions get visibility across the organization and individual teams can view their posture at an account level with no need to look at the state of the entire organization.

Use AWS CloudTrail organizational trails to send all API calls for Secrets Manager to a centralized delegated admin account.

For organizations that don’t require centralized auditing and monitoring of secrets, you can configure access so that individual teams can determine which logs are collected, alerts are enabled, and checks are in place in relation to your secrets. The advantages of this approach are:

• Flexibility: Development teams have the freedom to choose what monitoring, auditing, and logging tools work best for them.
• Reduced dependencies: Development teams don’t have to rely on centralized functions for alerting and monitoring capabilities.

The tradeoffs of this approach are:

• Operational overhead: This can create redundant work for teams looking to accomplish similar goals.
• Difficulty aggregating logs in cross-account investigations: If logs, alerts, and monitoring capabilities are decentralized, it can increase the difficulty of investigating events that affect multiple accounts.

Most organizations choose a combination of these approaches to meet their needs. An example is a financial services company that has a central security team, operates across hundreds of AWS accounts, and has hundreds of applications that are isolated at the account level. This customer could:

• Centralize the creation process, enforcing organizational standards for naming, tagging, and access control
• Decentralize storage of secrets, using the AWS account as a natural boundary for access and storing the secret in the account where the workload is operating, delegating control to application owners
• Decentralize lifecycle management so that application owners can manage their own rotation functions
• Centralize auditing, using tools like AWS Config, Security Hub, and IAM Access Analyzer to give the central security team insight into the posture of their secrets while letting application owners retain control

In this post, we’ve examined the architectural decisions organizations face when implementing secrets management on AWS: creation, storage, rotation, and monitoring. Each approach—whether centralized or decentralized—offers distinct advantages and tradeoffs that should align with your organization’s security requirements, operational model, and scale. The important points include:

• Choose your secrets management architecture based on your organization’s specific requirements and capabilities. There’s no one solution that will fit every situation.
• Use automation and IaC to enforce consistent security controls, regardless of your approach.
• Implement comprehensive monitoring and auditing capabilities through AWS services to maintain visibility across your environment.

To learn more about AWS Secrets Manager, check out some of these resources:

• Migrating your secrets to Secrets Manager
• AWS Secrets Manager best practices
• IAM Access Analyzer custom policy checks reference
• Maximizing secrets management – reference CloudFormation templates